2013年8月10日星期六

Fresh analysis of dinosaur skulls shows three 'species' are actually one

Fresh analysis of dinosaur skulls shows three 'species' are actually one

Aug. 10, 2013 — A new analysis of dinosaur fossils by University of Pennsylvania researchers has revealed that a number of specimens of the genus Psittacosaurus -- once believed to represent three different species -- are all members of a single species. The differences among the fossil remains that led other scientists to label them as separate species in fact arose from how the animals were buried and compressed, the study found.


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"Because of the vagaries of fossilization, no two fossils are the same," said senior author Peter Dodson, professor of anatomy in Penn's School of Veterinary Medicine and professor of paleontology in the School of Arts and Sciences' Department of Earth and Environmental Science. "Animals are alive and they die, but what's crucial in paleontology is what happens to the animals after they die."

The research involved a cutting-edge technique, known as three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, which uses lasers to generate data about the shape of different specimens. This is the first time the approach has been used to study dinosaur fossils and could lead to a re-examination of the taxonomic classifications of additional dinosaur species as well as other long-extinct fossil organisms.

Brandon Hedrick, a doctoral student in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science, led the study in collaboration with Dodson. Their research will be reported in the journal PLOS ONE.

The investigation focused on dinosaurs in the genus Psittacosaurus, a word that comes from the Greek for "parrot lizard." The group was named for the animal's beaked face, not unlike that of a turtle. Originally discovered in 1923, 15 species have been classified as Psittacosaurus, though a recent analysis confirmed only nine of these as definite members of the genus. These animals were small plant-eaters that lived 120 to 125 million years ago. Paleontologists have discovered Psittacosaurus fossils in Mongolia, China and Russia and possibly in Thailand.

"Meat-eaters are sexy; plant-eaters are not," Dodson said. "This isn't a flashy dinosaur. But it has an interesting feature in that it's one of the most abundant dinosaurs known to science."

Indeed, many hundreds of Psittacosaurus specimens have been found. This abundance made the genus ideal for Hedrick and Dodson's comparative study, as it is easier to determine relationships within and between species when there are more individuals to compare.

"For example, if you have a single dachshund and a single beagle, they may appear to be different species until you found 40 dachshund-beagle mixes of various grades to examine," Hedrick said.

The scientists examined Psittacosaurus skulls discovered in the fossilized ashes of the Lujiatun beds of northeastern China's Yixian Formation. Paleontologists had previously identified the skulls as belonging to three different species, Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis, P. major or Hongshanosaurus houi.

To compare and contrast the specimens, the researchers used two techniques. First they conducted a traditional study in which they examined every skull that had been classified as one of those three species -- a total of 74 specimens -- for a variety of characteristics that had been used in prior studies to distinguish the species. The Penn team also compared these fossils to skulls that had been classified as belonging to eight other Psittacosaurus species.

Next they completed a more high-tech analysis of 30 skulls from the three named species. Using a hand-held stylus that captures a point in space relative to a transmitter, they pinpointed 56 "landmarks," or particular anatomical locations, on each fossil and compared the relative position of those marks between specimens. They also used a hand-held, laser-emitting scanner to make a three-dimensional image of each specimen, similar to a CT scan, from which they also collected landmark data.

Based on the "old-fashioned" method of examining the physical skulls, the researchers concluded that the three purported species were in fact one. They propose that all three can be considered members of the species P. lujiatunensis.

Results from the geometric morphometric analysis, though not sufficient on its own to classify species, supported this conclusion and suggested that how an animal's body was crushed as it fossilized -- from the top, from the side or twisted -- could lead to inaccurate species determinations.

"Our study found all of these false 'species' that are not biological species but are apparent species caused by the process of fossilization," Dodson said.

The Penn team said their investigation shows the value of traditional taxonomic analysis, while also revealing the potential of a new approach to analyzing fossils.

"Hopefully this will open up the paleontological community to using three-dimensional geometrics morphometrics in a variety of ways," Hedrick said. "This technique has limitless applications to understanding dinosaurs."



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Bubbles are the new lenses for nanoscale light beams

Bubbles are the new lenses for nanoscale light beams

Aug. 9, 2013 — Bending light beams to your whim sounds like a job for a wizard or an a complex array of bulky mirrors, lenses and prisms, but a few tiny liquid bubbles may be all that is necessary to open the doors for next-generation, high-speed circuits and displays, according to Penn State researchers.


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To combine the speed of optical communication with the portability of electronic circuitry, researchers use nanoplasmonics -- devices that use short electromagnetic waves to modulate light on the nanometer scale, where conventional optics do not work. However, aiming and focusing this modulated light beam at desired targets is difficult.

"There are different solid-state devices to control (light beams), to switch them or modulate them, but the tenability and reconfigurability are very limited," said Tony Jun Huang, associate professor of engineering science and mechanics. "Using a bubble has a lot of advantages."

The main advantage of a bubble lens is just how quickly and easily researchers can reconfigure the bubble's location, size, and shape -- all of which affect the direction and focus of any light beam passing through it.

Huang's team created separate simulations of the light beams and bubble lens to predict their behaviors and optimize conditions before combining the two in the laboratory. They published their findings in Nature Communications.

To form the bubble lens, researchers used a low-intensity laser to heat water on a gold surface. The tiny bubble's optical behavior remains consistent as long as the laser's power and the environmental temperature stay constant.

Simply moving the laser or adjusting the laser's power can change how the bubble will deflect a light beam, either as a concentrated beam at a specific target or as a dispersed wave. Changing the liquid also affects how a light beam will refract.

The materials to form bubble lenses are inexpensive, and the bubbles themselves are easy to dissolve, replace and move.

"In addition to its unprecedented reconfigurability and tenability, our bubble lens has at least one more advantage over its solid-state counterparts: its natural smoothness," said Huang. "The smoother the lens is, the better quality of the light that pass through it."

Huang believes that the next step is to find out how the bubble's shape influences the direction of the light beam and the location of its focal point. Fine control over these light beams will enable improvements for on-chip biomedical devices and super resolution imaging.

"For all these applications, you really need to precisely control light in nanoscale, and that's where this work can be a very important component," said Huang.



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2013年8月9日星期五

Business Government offers cash for demand-side management ideas

Business Government offers cash for demand-side management ideas

2013/08/09

The Dynamic Demand Challenge Prize is £50,000 waiting for a person or organisation that can improve demand-side management on the electricity grid.

In particular, the judges are looking for: “new or improved products, technologies or services; a demonstrable shift in demand to off-peak times and/or towards renewable energy generation; and potential for scale and with market potential,” said the UK’s National Physical Laboratory (NPL).

NPL is one of the supporting bodies, alongside European public-private partnership Climate-KIC, and the National Grid. The whole thing is being run by Government innovation funding body Nesta, through its Centre for Challenge Prizes.

The challenge is open to entries from the EU, but the solution must be applied within a UK context.

Entry deadline is 9 September 2013 and application is through dynamicdemand.nesta.org.uk

Before final judgement, short-listed entrants will get free help test their ideas at NPL’s Centre for Carbon Measurement, as well as assistance from Imperial College’s design engineering group and its business school.

“It will allow applicants with ideas to develop them into close-to-market products,” claimed NPL.

Help for the short-list is being paid for by a £125,000 grant from Climate-KIC, through the Climate Market Accelerator programme.

Following this, the entries and their business plans will be assessed by the judging panel and the main £50,000 prize “will be awarded to the solution that demonstrates the most significant impact,” said NPL.

“The £50,000 prize will deliver a significant boost to the prospects of the winning idea. However, thanks to the support from Imperial and NPL, most of the finalists should have developed their ideas to the point that it is attractive option for buyers or investors,” said Constance Agyeman, development manager at Nesta’s Centre for Challenge Prizes.


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Research Space: ISS poised to launch open-source satellites

Research Space: ISS poised to launch open-source satellites

2013/08/09

CubesatsWant to do your own space experiment? From next week, you will be able to run science projects on the world’s first open-source satellites. And it won’t break the bank.

ArduSat-1 and ArduSat-X were launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on 3 August aboard a Japanese resupply vehicle (which is also carrying fresh food, supplies and a talking humanoid robot).

Known as CubeSats, each mini satellite packs an array of devices – including cameras, spectrometers and a Geiger counter – into a cube just 10 centimetres to a side.

The cargo ship carrying the CubeSats should arrive at the ISS on 9 August, and the satellites will then be deployed using a robotic-arm technique tested last year. The method can put several small satellites into orbit around Earth, eliminating the need for dedicated launch vehicles and making citizen-science missions like ArduSat more affordable.

“No one has given people access to satellites in the same way that we’re doing with ArduSat,” says Chris Wake of NanoSatisfi, the San Francisco company that builds and operates the satellites.

The maiden launch was partially funded by a Kickstarter campaign, with backers buying some of the satellites’ time slots to run experiments. If there are enough extra time slots, paying customers will also be able to program controls on the satellites and run experiments for three days for $125, or for a week for $250.

The satellites run Arduino, an open-source platform popular with hobbyists, which will let anyone write code for an app, game or research project that uses the on-board instruments. Projects that will run on the first two Ardusats are yet to be announced, but a list of ideas from the developers includes tracking meteorites and making a 3D model of Earth’s magnetosphere.

Sara Seager at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is not on the Ardusat team, but her students design and build CubeSats for planetary science. “This definitely is helping open up space both to all people and all nations,” Seager says of the Ardusat launch.

The first two satellites will orbit for three to seven months before burning up as they fall to Earth. NanoSatisfi hopes to send fleets of them into space on future launches. “We’re focused on launching a number of these over the next few years,” says Wake. “Five years out, we’d love to see 100, 150 of these up in the air, reaching half a million students.”

Syndicated content: Lisa Grossman, New Scientist

(Image: NASA – These CubeSats were released last year outside the ISS’s Kibo laboratory using a Small Satellite Orbital Deployer attached to the Japanese module’s robotic arm)


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Business ECSEL to put $4.8bn into European electronics

Business ECSEL to put $4.8bn into European electronics

2013/08/09

Following the EU10/100/20 microelectronics funding programme  the French government’s $3.5 billion Nano2017 initiative, the EC has now announced a new funding instrument for nanoelectronics, ECSEL, with a total budget of € 4.8

ECSEL combines EU, national and private investments into electronic components and systems research and manufacturing in Europe.

ECSEL’s estimated budget is € 4.8 billion over the period 2014-2020: the EU and Member States will each contribute € 1,2 billion, with industry contributing at least half of the remaining € 2,4 billion. ECSEL will be launched in early 2014.

ECSEL is  a merger of the existing ENIAC (nanoelectronics) and ARTEMIS (embedded systems) joint technology initiatives, which together during the period 2008-2012 have funded over 100 projects worth in excess of € 2,8 million. These projects brought together 2000 partners, 40 percent of which were small and medium-sized companies.

The 10/100/20 strategy pledges € 10 billion public/private investment in research and manufacturing over the next 7 years, with the aim of Europe holding 20 percent of the global chip production market by 2020.

The European semiconductor manufacturing industry committed € 100 billion investment to support the strategy.

Five pilot lines, worth over € 700 million, have been launched.

Nano2017 is a  public/private research & development strategy for the period 2013-2017.  € 3,5 billion will be invested in research and manufacturing in the Grenoble area.

Public authorities will cover almost one third of the bill: € 600 million financing from the national government, € 400 million from the EU and € 100 million from local authorities.

The program is led by STMicroelectronics and includes CEA-Leti, IBM and around 100 small and medium-sized companies from across the supply chain. STMicroelectronics alone will invest € 1,3 billion to double the production capacity of its 300mm fab in Crolles to around 7 000 silicon wafers a week.

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2013年8月8日星期四

Displays Small TFT panel has microcontroller/graphics controller built in

Displays Small TFT panel has microcontroller/graphics controller built in

2013/08/08

GPEG07aug13gpeg’s latest range of integrated 3.5in TFT panels (picture, below) incorporates an embedded Microchip PIC24FJ256DA210 microcontroller, which includes a built-in graphics controller.

The TFT with LED backlight has 320×240 resolution (QVGA).

It comes with USB and PICKit interfaces for connecting to a microchip environment. Example firmware is downloadable through Microchip MPLab environment for easy programming, significantly reducing development time and costs.

Available in sizes ranging from 2.8in to 7in, the product comes as standard with an embedded microcontroller board (76.2x90mm) which either can be used off- the-shelf or adapted using GPEG’s growing library of reference designs.

The board includes external SRAM as well as 2MB of SPI flash for storing fonts and images.


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Power Supplies AC-DC power supplies come in many shapes and sizes

Power Supplies AC-DC power supplies come in many shapes and sizes

2013/08/07

XP Power’s SDL400prSDL400 series of 400W single and dual output 1U AC-DC power supplies are available in four mechanical formats: U channel, U channel with cover (-C option), top fan cover (-F option) and end fan cover (-E option).

All of the formats apart from the top fan mounted version are less than 39.9mm high.

A variable speed fan is used to reduce audible noise at lower load conditions and extend fan life in the –E and –F models.

For applications without a fan or forced air flow, the units can operate with convection cooling up to 220W for the single output models.

Peak power output is specified at 700W for up 0.5s.

Single output models are available with the popular nominal outputs between +12Vdc and +48Vdc, as well as both a +54 Vdc and +60Vdc output variant.

Dual output models have a +5Vdc output in combination with a +12Vdc, +24Vdc or +48Vdc or a +12Vdc/ +24Vdc model.


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Business 200 LTE networks deployed

Business 200 LTE networks deployed

2013/08/08

GSA, the Global mobile Suppliers Association, confirms that 200 LTE networks in 76 countries were commercially launched by 31 July 2013.

146 commercial LTE networks were in service at the end of 2012. An additional 54 operators have launched LTE service in the first 7 months of 2013.

Alan Hadden, President of the GSA, said: In this interim announcement GSA confirms that 106 LTE networks were commercially launched in the last 12 months, representing 112% annual growth. LTE is the fastest developing mobile system technology ever.

LTE service has been introduced to 12 new markets so far this year: Chile, Iceland, Iraq, Lebanon, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Qatar, Spain, Thailand, US Virgin Islands, and Venezuela.

LTE is a single global 3GPP standard with an FDD mode for operators using paired spectrum, and a TDD mode for operators using unpaired spectrum.

The breakdown of the 200 commercially launched networks announced today is as follows:

182 networks were deployed using the FDD mode
9 networks were deployed in TDD mode (sometimes referred to as TD-LTE)
9 networks are using both FDD and TDD modes


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LED Lighting Cree LED halves power to attack 70W metal halide lighting

LED Lighting Cree LED halves power to attack 70W metal halide lighting

2013/08/08

21aug13CreeLMH2DomeFlat 500Cree has introduced a 4,000 lm lighting module to compete with 70W ceramic metal halide lamps, claiming it to be “industry’s highest-performance LED module”.

Called LMH2, the family “produces the same or better quality light as while consuming half the power and lasting three times longer”, said the firm.

To justify its claims, the data sheet offers efficacy of 97 lm/W (steady state) for 800-3,000 lm versions, and 108 lm/W for 4000 lm variants.

2,700, 3,000, 3,500 and 4,000K whites are available, all at over 90CRI, and there is a 3,500K 3,000 lm variant specced at over 95 CRI.

Looking at the graphs, Cree is getting these high CRIs by adding 630nm LEDs to the main blue+phosphor devices to fill out the red end of the spectrum.

Flat and domed versions are available to offer viewing angles of around 84 and 100 degrees respectively, varying slightly with the specified output.

Design life is 50,000 hours (L70), and there is a 5 year warranty.

There are dc-driven devices, needing a separate ac-dc power supply – which means mains-to-light efficacy will be lower than those specified above.

Rated currents and typical forward voltages vary from module to module: from 440-940mA and 20-40V at 55°C, depending on specified light output.

Dimming is possible to 5%, and the firm separately offers driver modules, some with DALI and DALI touch dimming.

Life and performance figures are only guaranteed if steady-state temperature in the finished luminaire is 70°C or below. Two optional heatsinks are offered to decrease junction-to-ambient thermal resistance in more challenging environments.

All modules mount into a 78mm hole.

Cree LED halves power to attack 70W metal halide lighting


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SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

We have built up long term business relationship with about many companies which are stockers and authorized agents. we have a steady and reliable supply to meet customer's demands to the greatest extent .Confidently, we are able to lower your cost and support your business with our years of professional service.

SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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2013年8月7日星期三

Business Q2 European semi sales up 3.8% on Q1

Business Q2 European semi sales up 3.8% on Q1

2013/08/07

European semiconductor sales increased by 0.8% in June 2013 compared to June 2012, say World Semiconductor Trade Statistics (WSTS).

Q2 2013 sales showed a 3.8% increase compared to first quarter sales. Compared to May 2013, the European semiconductor market increased in June by 0.1%.

The main drivers of June’s sales in Europe were optoelectronics (up 4.6%), sensors and actuators (up 2.2%), total discrete (up 1.1%), and total MOS DRAM and total MOS SRAM in the memory market (up 2.5% and 2.0% respectively).

European semiconductor sales in June 2013 amounted to $ 2.841 billion. On a YTD basis, semiconductor sales increased by 0.8% versus the same period in the year 2012.


Welcome to SUV System Ltd!

SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

We have built up long term business relationship with about many companies which are stockers and authorized agents. we have a steady and reliable supply to meet customer's demands to the greatest extent .Confidently, we are able to lower your cost and support your business with our years of professional service.

SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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2013年8月6日星期二

New explanation for odd double-layer Martian craters

New explanation for odd double-layer Martian craters

Geologists from Brown University have developed a promising new explanation for a mysterious type of crater on the surface on Mars.

Double-layered ejecta craters or DLEs, like other craters, are surrounded by debris excavated by an impactor. What makes DLEs different is that the debris forms two distinct layers -- a large outer layer with a smaller inner layer sitting on top. These distinctive craters were first documented in data returned from the Viking missions to Mars in the 1970s, and scientists have been trying ever since to figure out how the double-layer pattern forms.

A new study by Brown graduate student David Kutai Weiss and James W. Head, professor of geological science, suggests that DLEs are the result of impacts onto a surface that was covered by a layer of glacial ice tens of meters thick.

"Recent discoveries by planetary geoscientists at Brown and elsewhere have shown that the climate of Mars has varied in the past," Head said. "During these times, ice from the polar caps is redistributed into the mid-latitudes of Mars as a layer about 50 meters thick, in the same place that we see that the DLEs have formed. This made us think that this ice layer could be part of the explanation for the formation of the unusual DLE second layer," Head said.

In the scenario Weiss and Head lay out, the impact blasts through the ice layer, spitting rock and other ejecta out onto the surrounding ice. But because that ejected material sits on slippery ice, it doesn't all stay put. Weiss and Head believe the layering occurs when material near the top of an upraised crater rim slides down the slippery ice and overtops material on the lower slopes. That landslide, enabled by steep slopes and a slick ice layer, creates the DLEs' telltale two-layered appearance.

"I think for the first time since DLEs were discovered in the 1970s we have a model for their formation that appears to be consistent with a very wide range of known data," Weiss said. An understanding of how these and other crater types formed could help researchers to reconstruct the environmental conditions at the time of the impacts.

The research will be published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. An early version of the paper went online on July 25.

A good fit to the data

The landslide scenario explains several of the distinct features of DLEs. Most directly, it explains radial striations -- grooves radiating out from the crater rim -- that are common on the inner ejecta layer of DLEs. Striations are common in landslides on Earth, Weiss said, "especially landslides on glaciers."

That got Weiss and Head thinking that ice could be a key ingredient for making a DLE. Ice would reduce the coefficient of friction on the slopes of crater rims, increasing the likelihood of a slide. "When I did a quick calculation, I realized that the landslide wouldn't be expected to happen [on crater rims] unless the ejecta was landsliding on an ice layer," Weiss said.

The scenario also requires a steep slope on the outside of a crater rim. A raised rim is partly a function of crater size, with larger craters generally having less uplift. Weiss calculated that craters larger than about 25 kilometers probably wouldn't have steep enough rims to cause an icy landslide. With those results in hand, he surveyed about 600 known DLEs and found that nearly all of them are between one and 25 kilometers in diameter.

The ice model also accounts for other distinctive features of DLEs. For example, unlike other crater types, DLEs tend not to have secondary craters surrounding them. Secondary craters are the result of big chunks of ejecta blasted out of the main crater, leaving gouges in the surrounding surface when they land. But if that surrounding surface were covered by ice, evidence of shallow secondary craters would disappear when the ice disappeared.

The model also appears to explain the locations of DLEs at middle or high latitudes -- areas where scientists believe there may once have been glacial ice on Mars.

Ultimately, understanding how DLEs and other crater types are formed could lead to a better understanding of Mars' past.

"There are over 600 DLEs on the Martian surface, so reconciling how they formed with our knowledge of the climate of Mars is pretty important," Weiss said. "It could tell us a lot about the history of the martian climate on a global scale."

The work was supported by a NASA grant to Head.


Welcome to SUV System Ltd!

SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

We have built up long term business relationship with about many companies which are stockers and authorized agents. we have a steady and reliable supply to meet customer's demands to the greatest extent .Confidently, we are able to lower your cost and support your business with our years of professional service.

SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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SUV System Ltd insists on the managing faith ofsincereness,speciality,foresight, win-win,so we build up stable-relationship customers located all over the world, including the States, Europe, Argentina, UAE, Malaysia, Australia,and India etc

we are focus on the following fields,and hope we can help you.


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