星空体育频道: 2013-08-11

2013年8月17日星期六

Eating poisonous plants saves life of gemsbok in Namibian desert

"We wanted to understand how these quite well-studied ungulates with contrasting feeding strategies can survive and even flourish in an adverse habitat like the Kunene region in Namibia, where the environment is characterised by strong and unpredictable variation in resource availability," says David Lehmann, doctoral candidate at the German Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) and first author of the study. Researchers from theIZW, the University of Namibia and other Namibian partners found that gemsbok (also called oryx) adjusted its diet according to season. During drought periods, they fed on a restricted mixture of plants, including more than 30 % of shrubs and trees. Surprisingly, gemsbok diet also consisted of up to 25 % of Damara milk-bush (Euphorbia damarana), an endemic, large succulent plant which is available all year round but highly toxic. When food was plentiful, gemsbok specialised exclusively on grasses and more ephemeral succulent species.

In contrast, springboks fed on a higher proportion of shrubs and trees than grasses and succulent plants irrespective of environmental conditions. As the researchers expected, springbok opportunistically adjusted their diet in response to variation in food sources availabilities, preferring e.g. grass sprouts during the wet season and browsing predominantly on leaves of bushes when grass quality decreased during drought. Springbok therefore adopted a different dietary strategy than gemsbok when facing a shortage of food sources.

The potential effects of the Damara milk-bush on gemsbok health are still unknown. However, by extensively using this poisonous plant, gemsbok succeed in surviving environmental challenges. Gemsbok seem to be well adapted to the toxic effects of special plants growing in dry regions, and they benefit from their high water and nutritious content. Because global climate change increases drought periods and enhances desertification in Southern Africa, it is crucial to understand how wildlife species respond to the impoverishment of their natural environments and the decline of their food sources. Furthermore, gemsbok and springbok are two of the main protein sources for local communities, who would be negatively affected by declining wildlife population sizes. Knowledge about feeding behaviours of local species like gemsbok and springbok is therefore fundamental to establish sustainable wildlife management plans.

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Soft drinks linked to behavioral problems in young children

Shakira Suglia, ScD, and colleagues from Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, University of Vermont, and Harvard School of Public Health assessed approximately 3,000 5-year-old children enrolled in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a prospective birth cohort that follows mother-child pairs from 20 large U.S. cities. Mothers reported their child's soft drink consumption and completed the Child Behavior Checklist based on their child's behavior during the previous two months. The researchers found that 43% of the children consumed at least 1 serving of soft drinks per day, and 4% consumed 4 or more.

Aggression, withdrawal, and attention problems were associated with soda consumption. Even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, maternal depression, intimate partner violence, and paternal incarceration, any soft drink consumption was associated with increased aggressive behavior. Children who drank 4 or more soft drinks per day were more than twice as likely to destroy things belonging to others, get into fights, and physically attack people. They also had increased attention problems and withdrawal behavior compared with those who did not consume soft drinks,

According to Dr. Suglia, "We found that the child's aggressive behavior score increased with every increase in soft drinks servings per day." Although this study cannot identify the exact nature of the association between soft drink consumption and problem behaviors, limiting or eliminating a child's soft drink consumption may reduce behavioral problems.

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Small, fast and not so demanding: Breakthrough in memory technologies could bring faster computing, smaller memory devices and lower power consumption

Aug. 14, 2013 — Researchers in Israel have developed a simple magnetization progress that could lead to a new generation of faster, smaller and less expensive memory technologies. "Magnetless spin memory" eliminates the need for permanent magnets in memory devices, opening the door to many technological applications.

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Memory devices like disk drives, flash drives and RAM play an important role in our lives. They are an essential component of our computers, phones, electronic appliances and cars. Yet current memory devices have significant drawbacks: dynamic RAM memory has to be refreshed periodically, static RAM data is lost when the power is off, flash memory lacks speed, and all existing memory technologies are challenged when it comes to miniaturization.

Increasingly, memory devices are a bottleneck limiting performance. In order to achieve a substantial improvement in computation speed, scientists are racing to develop smaller and denser memory devices that operate with high speed and low power consumption.

Prof. Yossi Paltiel and research student Oren Ben-Dor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, together with researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science, have developed a simple magnetization progress that, by eliminating the need for permanent magnets in memory devices, opens the door to many technological applications.

(Published in Nature Communications, the research paper, A chiral-based magnetic memory device without a permanent magnet, was written by Prof. Yossi Paltiel, Oren Ben Dor and Shira Yochelis at the Department of Applied Physics, Harvey M. Krueger Family Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and Shinto P. Mathew and Ron Naaman at the Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science.)

The research deals with the flow properties of electron charge carriers in memory devices. According to quantum mechanics, in addition to their electrical charge, electrons also have a degree of internal freedom called spin, which gives them their magnetic properties. The new technique, called magnetless spin memory (MSM), drives a current through chiral material (a kind of abundantly available organic molecule) and selectively transfers electrons to magnetize nano magnetic layers or nano particles. With this technique, the researchers showed it is possible to create a magnetic-based memory device that does not require a permanent magnet, and which could allow for the miniaturization of memory bits down to a single nanoparticle.

The potential benefits of magnetless spin memory are many. The technology has the potential to overcome the limitations of other magnetic-based memory technologies, and could make it possible to create inexpensive, high-density universal memory-on-chip devices that require much less power than existing technologies. Compatible with integrated circuit manufacturing techniques, it could allow for inexpensive, high density universal memory-on-chip production.

According to the Hebrew University's Prof. Paltiel, "Now that proof-of-concept devices have been designed and tested, magnetless spin memory has the potential to become the basis of a whole new generation of faster, smaller and less expensive memory technologies."

The technology transfer companies of the Hebrew University (Yissum) and the Weizmann Institute of Science (Yeda) are working to promote the realization of this technology, by licensing its use and raising funds for further development and commercialization. With many possible applications, it has already attracted the attention of start-up funds.

The Hebrew University's Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology helped with device fabrication and advice. Prof. Paltiel acknowledges the Yessumit internal grant from the Hebrew University, and Ron Naaman and Shinto P. Mathew acknowledge the support of the Minerva Foundation.

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A personalized robot companion for older people

The robot, a mobile wheeled semi-humanoid figure equipped with cameras, sensors, audio and a touch screen interface, can remind users to take their medicine, suggest they have their favourite drink or prompt them to go for a walk or visit friends if they haven't been out for a while. As part of a larger smart-home environment that can include smart clothing to monitor vital signs, the system can monitor user's health and safety, and alert emergency services if something is amiss.

'Across Europe, populations are growing older, and many people need care in some way. Care may be provided by professionals at home or in a care facility, but often the caregiver is the person's partner or another family member. What we are seeing is that carers may also need additional support themselves, especially if they are also older -- our vision is that technology can provide it,' explains Mr Herjan van den Heuvel of Smart Homes, the Dutch Expertise Centre on Home Automation and Smart Living, which oversaw the robot's development.

The median age across the European Union's current 28 Member States, which was around 41.2 years in 2011, is projected to rise to 47.6 years by 2060, while the number of people aged 65 and over will almost double to make up 29.5 % of the population, according to Eurostat's latest population projections. Meanwhile, the percentage of people aged 80 and above is expected to triple by 2060.

With age-related illnesses also set to increase in line with that trend, more and more people across Europe will need care and assistance if they are to maintain their quality of life, stay healthy and avoid social exclusion.

Developed over 33 months by a consortium of research institutes, universities and technology companies in seven European countries -- Finland, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom -- the companion robot helps address those issues. It is just one of several results of an EU-funded project titled 'An integrated intelligent home environment for the provision of health, nutrition and well-being services to older adults' ( MOBISERV), which received EUR 2.75 million in research funding from the European Commission.

Smart homes, smart clothes and smart support

'This has been a very broad project, we've worked not only on the robot but also integrating it with a smart-home system and with smart clothes,' Mr Van den Heuvel notes.

Smart fabrics -- which can take the form of wearable garments or even bed sheets -- include a variety of tiny light-weight wireless sensors to monitor vital signs or sleeping patterns, and can even detect if the wearer falls over. Meanwhile, the smart-home environment consist of smart sensors, optical recognition units, and home automation elements, to detect, amongst other things, eating and drinking patterns, activity patterns, and dangerous situations.

'The system can be used in its entirety for someone who needs extensive care, or only some components of it can be used to suit the needs of each individual. The technology can therefore be applied in a modular and flexible way,' Mr Van den Heuvel says.

He notes, however, that the robot is probably the most eye-catching and innovative element of the system.

Based on state-of-the-art artificial intelligence and robotics technologies, the MOBISERV robot companion is designed above all to offer cognitive support to users, offering reminders and suggestions to help them lead healthy and socially active lives.

'It lacks arms so it's not going to make you coffee but it is going to suggest that maybe you would like a coffee or some other drink if you haven't drunk anything in a while,' Mr Van den Heuvel explains.

By monitoring user's behaviour, the robot can learn to approach users at appropriate times, talk to them or provide information via a touchscreen interface. Users can respond by talking back or using the touchscreen. It can offer suggestions such as 'Are you feeling hungry?', 'Hey, don't forget to take your pills in the blue box' or 'How about calling your friend today?'

'The way the robot behaves, what it says, how it says it, even the tone of voice can be customised for each person,' Mr Van den Heuvel says.

Crucially, the MOBISERV team created an easy-to-use interface to configure the robot so a carer, partner, family member -- or someone else who knows the user well -- can personalise it for their individual needs and preferences, setting everything from the robot and user's name to the user's preferred drink, their friends and the type of character the robot should have. In the future, the researchers also envision being able to customise the design and colour of the robot.

Older people and care providers were involved throughout the project, from providing advice on initial design requirements to testing out the final prototypes. In trials launched earlier this year in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the researchers conducted extensive user evaluation studies with the robot companion, varying from usability tests in a home lab, to full-day experience tests in a test home, to multi-day experiences in their own homes.

A robot with personality

'Older people were extremely positive about the robot. They can see the benefits of the cognitive support it provides and also, if they live alone, they like the idea of having something they can interact with. For some, it's almost like a pet with its own personality,' Mr Van den Heuvel says.

Professional care providers also saw the advantages, though they tended to be somewhat more sceptical.

'It's possible they worry that robots will replace them, but that is not our vision at all. We see technology and robots as a way to assist them and the people they are caring for, not as a replacement for human care,' Mr Van den Heuvel explains. 'Many carers, particularly family members who need to take care of someone 24/7, are suffering from burn out -- this technology can assist them greatly.'

The prototype MOBISERV robots currently cost around EUR 10,000 to build, but that price should fall as technology advances -- and through economies of scale if they are produced in large numbers. Mr Van den Heuvel envisions a robot companion costing around EUR 5000 within a couple of years.

The MOBISERV partners are currently seeking funding for follow up projects or a joint spin-off to further enhance and perfect their design, as well as conduct user trials on a larger scale.

MOBISERV received research funding under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7).

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First driverless vehicle to hit the roads

Aug. 16, 2013 — Singapore's first clean and green driverless shuttle transportation system will soon see passengers shuttling between Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and JTC Corporation's (JTC) CleanTech Park.

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In a partnership between NTU, JTC and Induct Technologies, and supported by the Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB), an autonomous electric shuttle manufactured by Induct is expected to ply the two kilometre route providing a safe, reliable and environmentally-friendly alternative mode of transportation.

The two-year collaboration will see the Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) test and optimise Induct's electric shuttle named NAVIA and enable it to intermingle safely with traffic in Singapore. ERI@N and Induct will also work to improve and enhance electric vehicle battery reliability and charging speeds, maximizing the efficiency of NAVIA which can carry eight passengers and has a maximum speed of 20.1 km/h.

As part of NTU's drive to be at the forefront of electromobility research, the partnership will also see the development and testing of various new charging technologies such as wireless induction and new super capacitors for electric vehicles. Software and intelligence systems will also be programmed for planned operation within pre-defined route operating between JTC's CleanTech One building and the NTU Yunnan Garden campus.

This test-bed is the first of its kind in the region and could pave the way for the integration of autonomous vehicles in Singapore's transport system to alleviate the "first mile, last mile" transport problem (the first and final legs of a journey, the typical potential bottlenecks in a transportation system) faced by urban cities.

Professor Subodh Mhaisalkar, Executive Director of ERI@N, said the NAVIA platform brings together two state-of-the-art concepts critical for future transportation in urban cities.

"Both concepts of a driverless transport and an efficient electric transport are at the forefront of research for personal transportation, last-mile transportation, and for logistics applications in leading automotive companies around the world," said Prof Mhaisalkar.

"Leveraging on NTU's expertise in engineering and clean energy, we are confident that our partnership with Induct will see us explore breakthroughs in autonomous driving, wireless fast charging, and advanced battery technologies for sustainable transportation solutions."

Pierre Lefevre, Induct's CEO, said: "The synergies between industry in JTC's CleanTech Park and academia in NTU present a unique opportunity for Induct, both from a test bedding and power management expertise perspective. The planned route between JTC's CleanTech One and the NTU campus represents a real world scenario of shuttling passengers within a short range, with varying topography and pre-defined routes. Induct is proud to be given the opportunity to set up its Asian office in JTC's newly opened CleanTech One. The company strongly believes that Singapore is the ideal location for its technological and economic development."

Mr Heah Soon Poh, JTC's Assistant Chief Executive Officer, said, "CleanTech One has seeded a vibrant ecosystem focused on cleantech R&D in CleanTech Park, which is being developed to position Singapore as an epicentre for research, innovation and commercialisation in clean technology. JTC has been actively partnering industry players in the development of sustainable urban solutions and providing the platform to test-bed new clean technology, and Induct is one such partner. We welcome more creative minds to partner JTC in the CleanTech Park community to broaden the exciting venture into cleantech research."

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A personalised robot companion for older people

Smart homes, smart clothes and smart support

'This has been a very broad project, we've worked not only on the robot but also integrating it with a smart-home system and with smart clothes,' Mr Van den Heuvel notes.

He notes, however, that the robot is probably the most eye-catching and innovative element of the system.

'The way the robot behaves, what it says, how it says it, even the tone of voice can be customised for each person,' Mr Van den Heuvel says.

A robot with personality

Professional care providers also saw the advantages, though they tended to be somewhat more sceptical.

The MOBISERV partners are currently seeking funding for follow up projects or a joint spin-off to further enhance and perfect their design, as well as conduct user trials on a larger scale.

MOBISERV received research funding under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7).

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Fossil of history's most successful mammal: Prehistoric 'rodent' may have set the stage for life in trees, herbivorous diets

This fossil find -- the oldest ancestor in the multituberculate family tree -- represents a newly discovered species known as Rugosodon eurasiaticus. The nearly complete skeleton provides critical insights into the traits that helped such multituberculates thrive in their day. For example, the fossil reveals teeth that were adapted to gnawing plants and animals alike, as well as ankle joints that were highly adept at rotation.

In light of these findings, researchers suggest that R. eurasiaticus paved the way for later plant-eating and tree-dwelling mammals.

Chong-Xi Yuan from the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences in Beijing, China, along with Chinese and American colleagues, report their analysis of the fossil in the 16 August issue of Science.

The multituberculates flourished during the Cretaceous era, which ended over 60 million years ago. Much like today's rodents, they filled an extremely wide variety of niches -- below the ground, on the ground and in the trees -- and this new fossil, which resembles a small rat or a chipmunk, possessed many of the adaptations that subsequent species came to rely upon, the researchers say.

"The later multituberculates of the Cretaceous [era] and the Paleocene [epoch] are extremely functionally diverse: Some could jump, some could burrow, others could climb trees and many more lived on the ground," explained Zhe-Xi Luo, a co-author of the Science report. "The tree-climbing multituberculates and the jumping multituberculates had the most interesting ankle bones, capable of 'hyper-back-rotation' of the hind feet."

"What is surprising about this discovery is that these ankle features were already present in Rugosodon -- a land-dwelling mammal," he said. (Such highly mobile ankle joints are normally associated with the foot functions of animals that are exclusively tree-dwellers -- those that navigate uneven surfaces.)

Additionally, R. eurasiaticus could eat many different types of food, according to the researchers. The fossil -- particularly its dentition, which reveals teeth designed for shearing plant matter -- confirms a 2012 analysis of tooth types that suggested multituberculates consumed an animal-dominated diet for much of their existence, later diversifying to a plant-dominated one.

Multituberculates arose in the Jurassic period and went extinct in the Oligocene epoch, occupying a diverse range of habitats for more than 100 million years before they were out-competed by more modern rodents. By the end of their run on the planet, multituberculates had evolved complex teeth that allowed them to enjoy vegetarian diets and unique locomotive skills that enabled them to traverse treetops. Both adaptations helped them to become dominant among their contemporaries.

The fossilized R. eurasiaticus that Yuan and his team unearthed was preserved in lake sediments, suggesting that the creature may have lived on the shores. However, the researchers say that the ankle joints of this early multituberculate were already highly mobile and its teeth were already oriented for an omnivorous diet. Based on their findings, the researchers suggest that such adaptations must have arisen very early in the evolution of the order, setting the stage for the major diversification of rodent-like mammals that ensued.

The discovery of R. eurasiaticus also extends the distribution of certain multituberculates from Europe to Asia during the Late Jurassic period, the researchers say.

"This new fossil from eastern China is very similar to the Late Jurassic fossil teeth of multituberculates from Portugal in western Europe," explained Dr. Luo. "This suggests that Rugosodon and its closely related multituberculates had a broad paleogreographic distribution and dispersals back-and-forth across the entire Eurasian continent."

The report by Yuan et al. was supported by the Ministry of Land Resources and the Ministry of Science and technology of China; the Scientific Commission of Beijing; the Beijing Museum of Natural History; the National Science Foundation; Carnegie Museum; and the University of Chicago.

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Communications Wireless nodes take power from ambinet TV broadcast signals

2013/08/16

04sep13Ambient Researchers at the University of Washington have communicated wirelessly using only ambient energy harvested from broadcast TV transmissions.

The technology demonstrators communicated over around 50cm at 1kbit/s using a packet protocol.

Communication is bi-directional and includes reception acknowledge as well as a simple anti-collision technique which allows point-to-point communication in an environment where multiple nodes operating.

Like passive RFID, the nodes ‘transmit’ by changing the reflectance of their antenna – in this case by briefly shorting (making it reflect) the two electrodes of a 258mm dipole tuned to a 50MHz band of UHF TV signals around 539MHz.

Changing reflectance effectively amplitude-modulates the field around the dipole, radiating an AM signal.

The dipole is busy as it is not only the transmit antenna, it is also the receive antenna and the source of power for the on-board microcontroller and receiver.

UHF power it extracted straight from the dipole through a four-stage passive diode-capacitor charge pump, the result of a previous University of Washington research project that was done on conjunction with Intel. In the original case, connected to a TV-top log-periodic antenna, the circuit delivered 60µW of dc 4km from the TV transmitter.

The receiver relies on the huge difference in modulation frequency between the ambient TV signal (6MHz) and the bit rates of the nodes (1kbit/s).

It is simply a crystal set – a diode and capacitor connected across the antenna (see diagram) followed by a self-adjusting comparator (a TS881) acting as a detector. The resistors of the comparator act to load the demodulator capacitor, and the various time constants are set to reject any AM from the TV modulation while allowing through AM at the desired data rate.

In practice the circuit can extract a signal that is invisibly buried in the TV signal.

The squared comparator sends its output to a MSP430 microcontroller for preamble correlation, header decode, data decode, and packet cyclic redundancy checking (CRC).

The modulation scheme chosen – at least one transition per bit and two transitions if the bit is a ’1′ – gives a fairly even stream of 1s and 0s during transmission.

The anti-collision scheme involves listening before transmission until the comparator output is largely 1s, or largely 0s, which means no nearby node is transmitting. This is not computationally intensive and needs little power.

Sending the message involves transmitting a 10101010 sequence before the traditional pre-amble to give receivers a good chance of synchronising. Then the 64bit pre-amble, address, and 96bit data are sent.

A range of 45cm was demonstrated indoors and 65cm outdoors, and at up to 10km from the TV transmitter.

Power consumption of the comparator and microcontroller is under 1µW most of the time.

The scheme is described in a paper: “Ambient backscatter: Wireless communication out of thin air“.

The prototype nodes also include three touch pads and an LED (flashing only briefly) for interactivity, and were limited by the microcontrollers need for 1.8V.

In a proposed smartcard application, the team suggest power would be shared: transmit modulator <1%, demodulator 1%, power management 8%, LEDs and touch sensors 26%.

The original idea for the power source is described in the paper: ‘Experimental results with two wireless power transfer systems‘.

04sep13Ambient

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2013年8月16日星期五

Evolution of hyperswarming bacteria could develop anti-biofilm therapies

Aug. 15, 2013 — The evolution of hyperswarming, pathogenic bacteria might sound like the plot of a horror film, but such bugs really have repeatedly evolved in a lab, and the good news is that they should be less of a problem to us than their less mobile kin. That's because those hyperswarmers, adorned with multiple whipping flagella, are also much worse at sticking together on surfaces in hard-to-treat biofilms. They might even help us figure out a way to develop anti-biofilm therapies for use in people with cystic fibrosis or other conditions, say researchers who report their findings in Cell Reports, a Cell Press publication, on August 15th.

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The findings are also a textbook example of real-time experimental evolution. What's more, says Joao Xavier of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, they are a "unique example of strikingly parallel molecular evolution."

In other words, the evolution that he and his team witnessed was repeatable, all the way down to the molecular level.

The researchers didn't set out with the goal to evolve hyperswarmers, but they did passage Pseudomonas aeruginosa on special plates over a period of days. On those plates, bacteria that could spread out had an advantage in harvesting nutrients from the surface, and within a matter of days, some of those bacteria started hyperswarming.

Investigation of the bacteria showed that P. aeruginosa gained its hyperswarming ability through a single point mutation in a flagellar synthesis regulator (FleN). As a result, the bacteria, which usually have one single flagellum, were locked into a multi-flagellated state. They became better at moving around to cover a surface, but much worse at forming densely packed, surface-attached biofilm communities. All told, the researchers saw this new ability independently arise 20 times.

"The fact that the molecular adaptations were the same in independent lineages suggests evolution may be, to some extent, predictable," says Xavier.

The findings may be very important because biofilms are a major problem in clinical settings. Infectious biofilms are hard to remove and difficult to kill with antibiotics. Drugs that target FleN or that otherwise make bacteria better at spreading out and worse at settling down could leave them more vulnerable to antibiotics and easier to get rid of.

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Business Maxim buys Volterra

2013/08/16

Maxim has bought power management IC specialist Volterra of Fremont, California for $605million representing a 50% premium over its market cap the day before the deal.

Maxim says the acquisition will strengthen its position in integrated power management.

“With Volterra, we will strengthen our position in the enterprise and communications markets,” said Tunc Doluca, Maxim’s president and chief executive.

However a New York law firm Levi & Korsinsky says it is investigating whether the Volterra Board of Directors breached their fiduciary duties to stockholders by failing to adequately shop the Company before agreeing to enter into this transaction, and whether Maxim is underpaying for Volterra shares.

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