星空体育频道: 2013-07-14

2013年7月20日星期六

Cardiff Met creates LED-based Omni Portable Medical Light General Universities - Electronics Research

July 19, 2013

Senda LED It’s an LED-based light which could be invaluable for medical aid at road traffic accidents and also the provision of care where women are giving birth. Particularly, it has been designed with less economically developed countries in mind.

Cardiff Metropolitan Product Design student Graham Scutt created the Omni Portable Medical Light and received funding from Cardiff-based LED lighting manufacturers Sedna LED to enable him to complete the project.

The main material used for the light is Ingeo, reports the university. This is a bio-polymer which uses no oil for its manufacture and instead is made from plant sugars from corn. Ingeo is 100% annually renewably resourced and can be made from any abundantly available sugar, it states. Also it uses 0.05% of the annual global food crop and production has little to no impact on food chains.

“As well as developing countries having high maternal mortality rates in general, figures are higher in their rural communities. It is here that skilled care, before, during and after childbirth can save the lives of women and newborn babies. Currently, thousands of rural women give birth alone and by candlelight.”

The university quotes World Bank findings in 2012 that approximately one quarter of the sub-Saharan African population has access to electricity, with just enough electricity being generated to power one light bulb per person for just three hours a day. Blackouts in rural areas are also common as Africa’s electricity network is unreliable with no street lighting system in rural areas.

“Combining these findings show a requirement for an emergency medical treatment lighting system that is quickly deployable in rural areas under any condition,” adds Graham.

omni led

For further details, see: http://cardiff-school-of-art-and-design.org/summershow/

See also: Graduate designs LED light for African emergencies

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Cardiff Met creates LED-based Omni Portable Medical Light Cardiff Metropolitan University Universities - Electronics Research

July 19, 2013

“Combining these findings show a requirement for an emergency medical treatment lighting system that is quickly deployable in rural areas under any condition,” adds Graham.

omni led

For further details, see: http://cardiff-school-of-art-and-design.org/summershow/

See also: Graduate designs LED light for African emergencies

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Scientists discover new variability in iron supply to the oceans with climate implications

July 19, 2013 — The supply of dissolved iron to oceans around continental shelves has been found to be more variable by region than previously believed -- with implications for future climate prediction.

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Iron is key to the removal of carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere as it promotes the growth of microscopic marine plants (phytoplankton), which mop up the greenhouse gas and lock it away in the ocean.

A new study, led by researchers based at the National Oceanography Centre Southampton, has found that the amount of dissolved iron released into the ocean from continental margins displays variability not currently captured by ocean-climate prediction models. This could alter predictions of future climate change because iron, a key micronutrient, plays an important role in the global carbon cycle.

Previously assumed to reflect rates of microbial activity, the study found that the amount of iron leaking from continental margins (the seafloor sediments close to continents) is actually far more varied between regions because of local differences in weathering and erosion on land. The results of the study are published this week in Nature Communications.

"Iron acts like a giant lever on marine life storing carbon," says Dr Will Homoky, lead author and postdoctoral research fellow at University of Southampton Ocean and Earth Science, which is based at the Centre. "It switches on growth of microscopic marine plants, which extract carbon dioxide from our atmosphere and lock it away in the ocean."

Continental margins are a major source of dissolved iron to the oceans and therefore an important factor for climate prediction models. But until now, measurements have only been taken in a limited number of regions across the globe, all of which have been characterised by low oxygen levels and high sedimentation rates. The present study focussed on a region with contrasting environmental conditions -- in Atlantic waters off the coast of South Africa.

"We were keen to measure iron from this region because it is so different to areas studied before. The seawater here contains more oxygen, and sediments accumulate much more slowly on the seafloor because the region is drier and geologically less active," says Professor Rachel Mills, co-author at the University of Southampton.

The team found substantially smaller amounts of iron being supplied to seawater than measured anywhere before -- challenging preconceptions of iron supply across the globe.

The researchers also identified that there are two different mechanisms by which rocks are dissolving on the seafloor. They did this by measuring the isotopic composition of the iron, using a technique developed with co-authors based at the University of South Carolina.

"We already knew that microbial processes dissolve iron in rocks and minerals," says Dr Homoky, "but now we find that rocks also dissolve passively and release iron to seawater. A bit like sugar dissolving in a cup of tea.

"The fact that we have found a new mechanism makes us question how much iron is leaking out from other areas of the ocean floor. If certain rocks are going to dissolve irrespective of microbial processes, suddenly there are whole regions that might be supplying iron that are presently unaccounted for."

But how much can this one factor really affect changes in Earth's climate? Dr Homoky explains: "Model simulations indicate that the presence or absence of iron supply from continental margins may be enough to drive Earth's transition between glacial and interglacial periods," he says. "Therefore these findings could certainly have implications for global climate modelling -- to what extent, is yet to be determined.

"Our study shows that the amount of iron coming off different margins might vary by up to ten thousand times. In some regions we are probably overestimating -- and in others underestimating -- the influence of sedimentary iron supply on the ocean's carbon cycle. The goal now is to refine this knowledge to improve ocean-climate models."

The study formed part of the international GEOTRACES programme. The UK contribution was funded by the UK's Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), including the two UK-led research expeditions across the Atlantic Ocean.

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A warmer planetary haven around cool stars, as ice warms rather than cools

Stars emit different types of light. Hotter stars emit high-energy visible and ultraviolet light, and cooler stars give off infrared and near-infrared light, which has a much lower energy.

It seems logical that the warmth of terrestrial or rocky planets should depend on the amount of light they get from their stars, all other things being equal. But new climate model research led by Aomawa Shields, a doctoral student in the University of Washington astronomy department, has added a surprising new twist to the story: Planets orbiting cool stars actually may be much warmer and less icy than their counterparts orbiting much hotter stars, even though they receive the same amount of light.

That's because the ice absorbs much of the longer wavelength, near-infrared light predominantly emitted by these cooler stars. This is counter to what we experience on Earth, where ice and snow strongly reflect the visible light emitted by the Sun.

Around a cooler (M-dwarf) star, the more light the ice absorbs, the warmer the planet gets. The planet's atmospheric greenhouse gases also absorb this near-infrared light, compounding the warming effect.

The researchers found that planets orbiting cooler stars, given similar amounts of light as those orbiting hotter stars, are therefore less likely to experience so-called "snowball states," icing over from pole to equator.

However, around a hotter star such as an F-dwarf, the star's visible and ultraviolet light is reflected by planetary ice and snow in a process called ice-albedo feedback. The more light the ice reflects, the cooler the planet gets.

This feedback can be so effective at cooling that terrestrial planets around hotter stars appear to be more susceptible than other planets to entering snowball states. That's not necessarily a bad thing, in the scheme of time -- Earth itself is believed to have experienced several snowball states during the course of its 4.6 billion year history.

Shields and co-authors found that this interaction of starlight with a planet's surface ice is less pronounced near the outer edge of the habitable zone, where carbon dioxide is expected to build up as temperatures decrease. The habitable zone is the swath of space around a star that's just right to allow an orbiting planet's surface water to be in liquid form, thus giving life a chance.

That is the case because planets at that zone's outer edge would likely have a thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases, which blocks the absorption of radiation at the surface, causing the planet to lose any additional warming advantage due to the ice.

The researchers' findings are documented in a paper published in the August issue of the journal Astrobiology, and published online ahead of print July 15.

Shields said that astronomers hunting for possible life will prioritize planets less vulnerable to that snowball state -- that is, planets other than those orbiting hotter stars. But that doesn't mean they will rule out the cooler planets.

"The last snowball episode on Earth has been linked to the explosion of multicellular life on our planet," Shields said. "If someone observed our Earth then, they might not have thought there was life here -- but there certainly was.

"So though we'd look for the non-snowball planets first, we shouldn't entirely write off planets that may be ice-covered, or headed for total ice cover. There could be life there too, though it may be much harder to detect."

Shields' UW co-authors are Victoria Meadows, associate professor of astronomy; Cecilia Bitz, associate professor of atmospheric sciences; and Tyler Robinson, an astronomy research associate. Other co-authors are Raymond T. Pierrehumbert of the University of Chicago and Manoj Joshi of the University of East Anglia.

The work was funded by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship and performed as part of the NASA Astrobiology Institute's Virtual Planetary Laboratory Lead Team. ###

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Lizards show evolution is predictable

July 19, 2013 — If you could hit the reset button on evolution and start over, would essentially the same species appear? Yes, according to a study of Caribbean lizards by researchers at the University of California, Davis, Harvard University and the University of Massachusetts. The work is published July 19 in the journal Science.

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The predictability of evolution over timescales of millions of years has long been debated by biologists, said Luke Mahler, a postdoctoral fellow at UC Davis and first author on the paper. For example, the late Stephen Jay Gould predicted that if you "rewound the tape" on evolution and started over, you would get an entirely different outcome, arguing that small events -- a storm that wiped out a particular pond, a poor season for insects -- could have a disproportionate effect.

On the other hand, there are a number of examples of species in similar habitats that evolve independently into similar-looking forms, such as the cichlid fishes of African lakes.

"It's a big question in evolutionary biology, but very hard to test," Mahler said.

Mahler found his test subjects in the Anole lizards that live on four neighboring islands -- Cuba, Hispaniola (the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica and Puerto Rico. Anoles began colonizing these islands, all similar in climate and ecology, about 40 million years ago, and once there, they began to multiply, resulting in a diversity of species on each.

The researchers studied 100 of the 119 Anole lizard species from the islands, taking measurements of their bodies from wild and museum specimens and comparing them across islands.

They found a striking degree of convergence -- on each island, evolution had produced a set of very similar-looking lizards occupying similar environmental niches.

"The adaptive radiations match on all four islands -- with few exceptions, each species on an island has a match on the other islands," Mahler said.

By combining the body-form data with a family tree of the Anoles, Mahler and colleagues were able to construct an "adaptive landscape" for the lizards. An adaptive landscape is a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology but difficult to show in practice. Peaks on an adaptive landscape represent various combinations of features that will be favored by natural selection, whereas valleys are just the opposite. Species with similar habits will tend to cluster on the same peak.

For Anole lizards, their niche might be living on tree-trunks, or among twigs high in a tree, or down in the grasses on the ground. Each calls for different adaptations, and creates a different adaptive peak.

The adaptive landscapes of all four islands are very similar, the researchers found. Looking back at the lizards' evolutionary history, they were able to determine when a particular peak was colonized, or when a species hopped from one peak to another. The landscape drives convergence, they discovered.

"The cool part is that we now have a way of modeling the adaptive landscape that explains this convergence," Mahler said.

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New plan of attack in cancer fight: Two-drug combination, under certain circumstances, can eliminate disease

As described in a paper recently published in eLife, Martin Nowak, a professor of mathematics and of biology and director of the Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, and co-author Ivana Bozic, a postdoctoral fellow in mathematics, show that, under certain conditions, using two drugs in a "targeted therapy" -- a treatment approach designed to interrupt cancer's ability to grow and spread -- could effectively cure nearly all cancers.

Though the research is not a cure for cancer, Nowak said it does offer hope to researchers and patients alike.

"In some sense this is like the mathematics that allows us to calculate how to send a rocket to the moon, but it doesn't tell you how to build a rocket that goes to the moon," Nowak said. "What we found is that if you have a single point mutation in the genome that can give rise to resistance to both drugs at the same time, the game is over. We need to have combinations such that there is zero overlap between the drugs."

Importantly, Nowak said, for the two-drug combination to work, both drugs must be given together -- an idea that runs counter to the way many clinicians treat cancer today.

"We actually have to work against the status quo somewhat," he said. "But we can show in our model that if you don't give the drugs simultaneously, it guarantees treatment failure."

In earlier studies, Nowak and colleagues showed the importance of using multiple drugs. Though temporarily effective, single-drug targeted therapy will fail, the researchers revealed, because the disease eventually develops resistance to the treatment.

To determine if a two-drug combination would work, Nowak and Bozic turned to an expansive data set supplied by clinicians at New York's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center that showed how patients respond to single-drug therapy. With data in hand, they were able to create computer models of how multidrug treatments would work. Using that model, they then treated a series of "virtual patients" to determine how the disease would react to the multidrug therapy.

"For a single-drug therapy, we know there are between 10 and 100 places in the genome that, if mutated, can give rise to resistance," Nowak explained. "So the first parameter we use when we make our calculations is that the first drug can be defeated by those possible mutations. The second drug can also be defeated by 10 to 100 mutations.

"If any of those mutations are the same, then it's a disaster," he continued. "If there's even a single mutation that can defeat both drugs, that is usually good enough for the cancer -- it will become resistant, and treatment will fail. What this means is we have to develop drugs such that the cancer needs to make two independent steps -- if we can do that, we have a good chance to contain it."

How good a chance?

"You would expect to cure most patients with a two-drug combination," Bozic said. "In patients with a particularly large disease burden you might want to use a three-drug combination, but you would cure most with two drugs."

The trick now, Nowak and Bozic said, is to develop those drugs.

To avoid developing drugs that are not vulnerable to the same mutation, Bozic said, pharmaceutical companies have explored a number of strategies, including using different drugs to target different pathways in cancer's development.

"There are pharmaceutical companies here in Cambridge that are working to develop these drugs," Nowak said. "There may soon be as many as 100 therapies, which means there will be as many as 10,000 possible combinations, so we should have a good repertoire to choose from.

"I think we can be confident that, within 50 years, many cancer deaths will be prevented," Nowak added. "One hundred years ago, many people died from bacterial infections, and now they would be cured. Today, many people die from cancer, and we can't help them, but I think once we have these targeted therapies, we will be able to help many people -- maybe not everyone -- but many people."

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2013年7月19日星期五

What caught your eye this week? Digital Life Electro Ramblings

2013/07/19

RoboSimian The first in an occasional series, just a quick and simple overview of some interesting developments around electronics…

The Electronics Weekly team share their picks of the week, in terms of announcements, developments, product releases, quotes or anything else in the wider world that caught their eye in the last seven days… They include a space industry MBA, Viviane Reding on Snowden, a monkey-based robot, 3D printing and Intel smartphone design-ins.

What caught my eye this week was…

Richard Wilson, editor:

Surrey University is making the most of its space business know-how, gained through the Surrey Space Centre (SSC), in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), and the work of Surrey Satellite), and is now pioneering an MBA programme focused on the needs of the space industry. Why is this important? Well, according to the university, as of 2010/2011, the UK space sector contributed £9.1 billion to the national economy.

David Manners, components editor:

One of the most powerful women in Europe, EC Commissioner Viviane Reding, saying that US whistle-blower Edward Snowden was a “wake-up call” for Europe’s data privacy protection guardians. With intensive lobbying in Brussels by the big US companies aimed at relaxing proposed data privacy protection Europe must stand up for data privacy as a “fundamental human right” said Reding.

Sue Proud, production editor:

I’m always torn between being impressed by what robotics can achieve and wondering why we don’t already have I, Robot-style droids, given that they were envisioned by Isaac Asimov way back in 1950. Nevertheless, I was excited by this - RoboSimian is JPL’s ape-inspired first responder – which came through my Twitter feed @subsuep

Also, I’m into all things green, and was rather taken by the Graduate designs LED light for African emergencies post. It’s good to see young talent being applied to improving life in countries where the infrastructure supports so little that we take for granted.

Steve Bush, technology editor:

A demonstration of 3D printing involving Escher’s drawings of impossible architecture. Professor Gershon Elber at Technion, the Israel Institute of Technology, has analysed M. C. Escher’s famous images and found a way to replicate, in a physical 3D model, the tricks of perspective inherent in the images.

Alun Williams, web editor:

I write the Eyes on Android blog but I’m also keeping an eye on Intel’s progress with smartphone design-ins (the mobile front, as it were, of its wider war with ARM for low-power processing). Well, two new phones – the Lenovo K900 phablet and the ZTE Geek – will both feature a Clover Trail+ processor, the Atom Z2580. Both are debuting in China, with the Lenovo one shipping internationally later.

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Nondrinkers may have higher mortality risk than light drinkers, but reasons for abstaining make a big difference

Multiple studies have shown that the likelihood of dying for people who drink increases as they consume more alcohol. Those same studies have shown that a person's mortality risk also increases at the other end of the spectrum -- among people who choose not to drink at all -- though the risk is still much less than for heavy drinkers.

Some researchers have hypothesized that the increased mortality among nondrinkers could be related to the fact that light alcohol consumption -- drinking, on average, less than one drink a day -- might actually protect people from disease and reduce their stress levels.

But researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder, working with colleagues at the University of Colorado Denver, decided to examine whether characteristics of different subgroups of nondrinkers could explain the increased mortality risk.

"Among nondrinkers, people have all sorts of background reasons for why they don't drink," said sociology Professor Richard Rogers, director of CU-Boulder's Population Program in the Institute of Behavioral Science. "We wanted to tease that out because it's not really informative to just assume that nondrinkers are a unified group."

For the new study, published in last month's issue of the journal Population Research and Policy Review, Rogers and his colleagues relied on data collected in 1988 by the National Health Interview Survey about the drinking habits of more than 41,000 people from across the United States. The researchers also had access to information about which respondents died between taking the survey and 2006.

During the survey, nondrinkers were asked to provide their reasons for not drinking. Possible answers ranged from "don't socialize very much" to "am an alcoholic" to "religious or moral reasons."

The research team divided nondrinkers into three general categories: "abstainers," or people who have never had more than 12 drinks in their lives; "infrequent drinkers," or people who have fewer than 12 drinks a year; and "former drinkers." Each category was further divided using a statistical technique that grouped people together who gave similar clusters of reasons for not drinking.

The team then calculated the mortality risk for each subgroup compared with the mortality risk for light drinkers, and they found that the risks varied markedly.

Abstainers who chose not to drink for a cluster of reasons that included religious or moral motivations, being brought up not to drink, responsibilities to their family, as well as not liking the taste, had similar mortality risks over the follow-up period to light drinkers.

"So this idea that nondrinkers always have higher mortality than light drinkers isn't true," Rogers said. "You can find some groups of nondrinkers who have similar mortality risks to light drinkers."

The other subgroup of abstainers -- whose largest reason for not drinking appeared to be a dislike of the taste and to a lesser degree family responsibilities, religious or moral motivations or upbringing -- had a 17 percent higher mortality risk over the follow-up period compared with light drinkers.

The scientists also found that infrequent drinkers generally had a slightly higher mortality risk than light drinkers. Former drinkers, however, had the highest mortality risk of all nondrinkers. Former drinkers whose cluster of reasons for not drinking now included being an alcoholic and problems with drinking, for example, had a 38 percent higher mortality risk than light drinkers over the follow-up period.

By comparison, people who drink between one and two drinks per day, on average, have a 9 percent higher mortality rate than light drinkers, while people who drink between two and three drinks per day have a 49 percent higher mortality. People who consume more than three drinks per day had a 58 percent higher mortality risk over the follow-up period compared with light drinkers.

Despite confirming that some subgroups of nondrinkers have a higher mortality rate than light drinkers, it doesn't necessarily follow that those people's mortality rates would fall if they began drinking, Rogers said. For example, people who were problem drinkers in the past might increase their mortality risk further by starting to drink again.

Also, people who don't drink at all, as a group, have lower socioeconomic characteristics than light drinkers, which could be one of the underlying causes for the mortality differences, Rogers said. In that case, starting to drink without changing a person's socioeconomic status also would not likely lower mortality rates.

"I think the idea that drinking could be somewhat beneficial seems like it's overstated," Rogers said. "There may be other factors that lower mortality for light drinkers. It's not just the act of drinking."

Co-authors of the study include Robert Kemp and Elizabeth Lawrence from CU-Boulder and Patrick Krueger and Richard Miech from CU Denver.

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Petzl solves dazzle for LED headtorches headlights Led Luminaries

2013/07/19

24jul13PetzlRXP The perennial problem with head torches is that you move through a dark environment without a problem, then look at a nearby object, like a map, and get dazzled.

Or you walk down a path with shrubs on either side, and can’t see into the distance because the shrubs are lit too brightly.

The problem is particularly bad now that high-outputs LEDs are being used.

If the headtorch is fully-adjustable in beam width and intensity, like the Led Lenser H7 for example, both these issues can be solved by remembering to manually move the controls early.

Last year, French headtorch maker Petzl revealed a product that automated both the setting of intensity and beam width which appears to work properly, all the time.

Its leap of lateral thinking was to include a light sensor in the headtorch – which may even be an image sensor – with proper imaging optics to view the forward scene, and a microcontroller to control the relative intensities of two beams, one narrow and one wide, to deliver suitable non-dazzle illumination.

This was implemented in its Nao product, and the system reacts so quickly that few reviewers have been able to catch the system out. And intensity levels and limits are actually programmable over an included USB connector.

24jul13PetzlRXPbeam Now the firm has announced a simpler product with similar technology as part of its Tikka range.

Tikka RXP (scroll down) will also have two beams, and ramp from 7-180 lm.

“Light output and beam pattern instantly adjust to the environment. The wide, mixed or focused beam allows the user to benefit from lighting that adapts to each situation, from close-range to distance vision,” claimed the firm.

24jul13PetzlRXPbattery There will also be the even simpler Tikka R+, which looks like it skips the combined mode and operates across 7-135 lm.

Batteries

All three headtorches have rechargeable Li-ion batteries, and an additional clip-on case is required to hold conventional cells for back-up operation. The one on the right here is a 3xAAA version that fits the RXP and R+.

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星空体育频道

2013年7月20日星期六

Cardiff Met creates LED-based Omni Portable Medical Light General Universities - Electronics Research

Cardiff Met creates LED-based Omni Portable Medical Light General Universities - Electronics Research

Cardiff Met creates LED-based Omni Portable Medical Light Cardiff Metropolitan University Universities - Electronics Research

Cardiff Met creates LED-based Omni Portable Medical Light Cardiff Metropolitan University Universities - Electronics Research

Scientists discover new variability in iron supply to the oceans with climate implications

Scientists discover new variability in iron supply to the oceans with climate implications

A warmer planetary haven around cool stars, as ice warms rather than cools

A warmer planetary haven around cool stars, as ice warms rather than cools

Lizards show evolution is predictable

Lizards show evolution is predictable

New plan of attack in cancer fight: Two-drug combination, under certain circumstances, can eliminate disease

New plan of attack in cancer fight: Two-drug combination, under certain circumstances, can eliminate disease

2013年7月19日星期五

What caught your eye this week? Digital Life Electro Ramblings

What caught your eye this week? Digital Life Electro Ramblings

Nondrinkers may have higher mortality risk than light drinkers, but reasons for abstaining make a big difference

Nondrinkers may have higher mortality risk than light drinkers, but reasons for abstaining make a big difference

Petzl solves dazzle for LED headtorches headlights Led Luminaries

Petzl solves dazzle for LED headtorches headlights Led Luminaries

Top 10 most popular articles on ElectronicsWeekly.com Uncategorized Electro Ramblings

Top 10 most popular articles on ElectronicsWeekly.com Uncategorized Electro Ramblings