星空体育频道

2013年8月30日星期五

'Trojan' asteroids in far reaches of solar system more common than previously thought

Trojans are asteroids that share the orbit of a planet, occupying stable positions known as Lagrangian points. Astronomers considered their presence at Uranus unlikely because the gravitational pull of larger neighbouring planets would destabilize and expel any Uranian Trojans over the age of the Solar System.

To determine how the 60 kilometre-wide ball of rock and ice ended up sharing an orbit with Uranus the astronomers created a simulation of the Solar System and its co-orbital objects, including Trojans.

"Surprisingly, our model predicts that at any given time three per cent of scattered objects between Jupiter and Neptune should be co-orbitals of Uranus or Neptune," says Mike Alexandersen, lead author of the study to be published tomorrow in the journal Science. This percentage had never before been computed, and is much higher than previous estimates.

Several temporary Trojans and co-orbitals have been discovered in the Solar System during the past decade. QF99 is one of those temporary objects, only recently (within the last few hundred thousand years) ensnared by Uranus and set to escape the planet's gravitational pull in about a million years.

"This tells us something about the current evolution of the Solar System," says Alexandersen. "By studying the process by which Trojans become temporarily captured, one can better understand how objects migrate into the planetary region of the Solar System."

UBC astronomers Brett Gladman, Sarah Greenstreet and colleagues at the National Research Council of Canada and Observatoire de Besancon in France were part of the research team.

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Now hear this: Scientists discover compound to prevent noise-related hearing loss

Aug. 29, 2013 — Your mother was right when she warned you that loud music could damage your hearing, but now scientists have discovered exactly what gets damaged and how. In a research report published in the September 2013 issue of The FASEB Journal, scientists describe exactly what type of damage noise does to the inner ear, and provide insights into a compound that may prevent noise-related damage.

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"Noise-induced hearing loss, with accompanying tinnitus and sound hypersensitivity is a common condition which leads to communication problems and social isolation," said Xiaorui Shi, M.D., Ph.D., study author from the Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery at the Oregon Hearing Research Center at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, Oregon. "The goal of our study is to understand the molecular mechanisms well enough to mitigate damage from exposure to loud sound."

To make this discovery, Shi and colleagues used three groups of 6 -- 8 week old mice, which consisted of a control group, a group exposed to broadband noise at 120 decibels for three hours a day for two days, and a third group given single-dose injections of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) prior to noise exposure. PEDF is a protein found in vertebrates that is currently being researched for the treatment of diseases like heart disease and cancer. The cells that secrete PEDF in control animals showed a characteristic branched morphology, with the cells arranging in a self-avoidance pattern which provided good coverage of the capillary wall. The morphology of the same cells in the animals exposed to wide-band noise, however, showed clear differences -- noise exposure caused changes in melanocytes located in the inner ear.

"Hearing loss over time robs people of their quality of life," said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal. "It's easy to say that we should avoid loud noises, but in reality, this is not always possible. Front-line soldiers or first responders do not have time to worry about the long-term effects of loud noise when they are giving their all. If, however, a drug could be developed to minimize the negative effects of loud noises, it would benefit one and all."

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Reproducing nature's chemistry: Researchers alter molecular properties in a new way

Aug. 29, 2013 — In their search for molecules with certain characteristics, chemists have produced millions of new, increasingly complex synthetic materials by altering molecules' chemical structures.

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Taking cues from nature, Northwestern University researchers have recently tested a new method for achieving the molecular properties they seek: by changing the geometry of the surface to which molecules are bound.

"For years chemists have been making molecules to solve problems -- each one more synthetically complicated than the last -- but we still haven't come close to achieving what nature can do with much simpler chemistry,'" said Bartosz A. Grzybowski, Kenneth Burgess Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Chemistry at Northwestern's McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science. "Nature's most complex component of life, the protein, is made from only 21 simple amino acids. This research explores the idea that it's not the molecule you have that's important, it is how it interacts with its environment."

Using this idea, the researchers developed a technique in which a single type of molecule is placed on nanoparticles with two different regions of curvature. Although the molecules are atomically identical, they demonstrate unique chemical properties depending on what region of curvature they are bound to.

A paper describing the research, "Geometric Curvature Controls the Chemical Patchiness and Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles," was published August 18 in Nature Nanotechnology.

The researchers began by affixing molecules of a carboxylic acid at various points on several gold nanoparticles, some as small as five nanometers in diameter. Each nanoparticle possessed a different geometry. On nanoparticles exhibiting a greater curvature, the molecules were naturally spaced father apart; on nanoparticles with more gradual curvature, they were closer together.

The differences in curvature influences the distance between the molecules, making it possible for the researchers to induce so-called "patchiness" on cylindrical- and dumbbell-shaped nanoparticles. Essentially, the molecules can "feel" each other through repulsive electrostatic interactions and, as the carboxylic acids are depronated, the difficulty in adding more charges onto the nanoparticles is controlled by how crowded the molecules are. These "patchy" nanoparticles can interact and self-assemble directionally, mimicking chemical molecular bonds -- and, the researchers found, altering when the charge of these attached molecules changes.

"Changing molecular properties by altering environments instead of molecular structure could free scientists to accomplish more with a smaller library of already existing molecules, and could offer alternatives to chemical processes that often require toxic chemicals," said David Walker, a graduate student in McCormick's Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the paper's first author.

The curvature phenomenon is specific to the nano-scale, where most of the chemistry in biological systems is performed, and begins to fail for nanoparticles above 10 nanometers in diameter, the researchers said. "Larger particles have curvatures that are just too subtle for the molecules to feel the effect -- similar to how humans might perceive the Earth to be flat, even though we now know better," Walker said.

The researchers are currently working to extend the work to other classes of molecules that could be beneficial for catalysis and energy purposes.

Other authors of the paper are Igal Szeifer, Christina Enroth-Cugell Professor of Biomedical Engineering and professor of chemistry, chemical and biological engineering, and professor of medicine; graduate student Emily Leitsch; and postdoctoral researcher Rikkert Nap, all of Northwestern.

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'Safe' levels of environmental pollution may have long-term health consequences

Aug. 29, 2013 — If you're eating better and exercising regularly, but still aren't seeing improvements in your health, there might be a reason: pollution. According to a new research report published in the September issue of The FASEB Journal, what you are eating and doing may not be the problem, but what's in what you are eating could be the culprit.

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"This study adds evidences for rethinking the way of addressing risk assessment especially when considering that the human population is widely exposed to low levels of thousands of chemicals, and that the health impact of realistic mixtures of pollutants will have to be tested as well," said Brigitte Le Magueresse-Battistoni, a researcher involved in the work from the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM). "Indeed, one pollutant could have a different effect when in mixture with other pollutants. Thus, our study may have strong implications in terms of recommendations for food security. Our data also bring new light to the understanding of the impact of environmental food contaminants in the development of metabolic diseases."

To make this discovery, scientists used two groups of obese mice. Both were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose enriched diet, with one group receiving a cocktail of pollutants added to its diet at a very low dosage. These pollutants were given to the mice throughout -- from pre-conception to adulthood. Although the researchers did not observe toxicity or excess of weight gain in the group having received the cocktail of pollutants, they did see a deterioration of glucose tolerance in females, suggesting a defect in insulin signaling. Study results suggest that the mixture of pollutants reduced estrogen activity in the liver through enhancing an enzyme in charge of estrogen elimination. In contrast to females, glucose tolerance was not impacted in males exposed to the cocktail of pollutants. However, males did show some changes in liver related to cholesterol synthesis and transport. This study fuels the concept that pollutants may contribute to the current prevalence of chronic diseases including metabolic diseases and diabetes.

"This report that confirms something we've known for a long time: pollution is bad for us," said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal. "But, what's equally important, it shows that evaluating food contaminants and pollutants on an individual basis may be too simplistic. We can see that when "safe" levels of contaminants and pollutants act together, they have significant impact on public health."

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Power Lapis hikes MCU clock accuracy for motor control

2013/08/29

LapisMotorControl 403 Lapis Semiconductor has raised the accuracy of on-chip oscillators in its 8bit microcontrollers for motor control.

The two chips offered are optimised to be built into single-phase fan motors, and it illustrates the need for accuracy with an example where multiple fans (one per MPU) run side-by-side in a server.

“If rotational variations exist between fans, wind noise due to the differences in frequencies will produce a buzzing sound. Fan rotation control via high-accuracy oscillator enables quiet operation,” said the firm.

In this case, it is offering 8.192MHz ±1% operation at (25°C), spreading to +/-2% from -10 to 85°C, and to +/-2.5% (-40 to 85°C). The data sheet describes these as ‘typical maximums and minimums’.

For Hall sensors, it has a hysteresis comparator with reference voltage and differential input switching, and for timing there are six 8bit timers, two of which can be added to make a 16bit timer.

Alongside this to control the motor is a 16.384MHz 16bit PWM with dead time.

This resolution, combined with oscillator accuracy said the firm, allows soft switching which reduces interference: “If the change in current during on/off switching in the motor coil current control is too large, irritating electromagnetic noise can result.”

The core is Lapis’ own risc ‘U8′, with 4kbyte if flash in the ML610Q101, and 6kB in the ML610Q102 variant. Both have 256bytes of RAM.

“The U8 enables efficient command execution of one instruction per clock with parallel processing of future commands by a three layer pipeline,” said Lapis. “Built-in on-chip debug function enables on-board software debugging and rewriting.”

For analogue measurement, there is a six channel 10bit ADC.

Operation is over 30kHz to 8.4MHz, -40 to 85°C, and 2.7 to 5.5V, with SSOP16 and WQFN16 package options, the smallest being 2x2mm.

The internal logic supply regulator does not need an external capacitor, and noise testing is to the +/-30kV level in IEC61000-4-2.

“Carefully designed circuit and layout have enabled high noise immunity, making it possible to clear the ±30kV level, which exceeds the measurement limit of Class 4 [+/-15kV], the highest class defined by the IEC61000-4-2 standard established by the IEC. This makes the LSIs suitable for use in industrial equipment with stringent noise requirements.”

Support includes a ML610Q102 reference board and software development environment. Applications are expected in home appliances, industrial equipment, single-phase fan motors, LED lights, and battery charge controllers.

Samples are available now, with mass SSOP16 production scheduled for September, and the WQFN16 version in October.

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2013年8月29日星期四

Echolocation for humans: Playing it by ear

As blind people can testify, we humans can hear more than one might think. The blind learn to navigate using as guides the echoes of sounds they themselves make. This enables them to sense the locations of walls and corners, for instance: by tapping the ground with a stick or making clicking sounds with the tongue, and analyzing the echoes reflected from nearby surfaces, a blind person can map the relative positions of objects in the vicinity. LMU biologists led by Professor Lutz Wiegrebe of the Department of Neurobiology (Faculty of Biology) have now shown that sighted people can also learn to echolocate objects in space, as they report in the biology journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

Wiegrebe and his team have developed a method for training people in the art of echolocation. With the help of a headset consisting of a microphone and a pair of earphones, experimental subjects can generate patterns of echoes that simulate acoustic reflections in a virtual space: the participants emit vocal clicks, which are picked up by the microphone and passed to a processor that calculates the echoes of a virtual space within milliseconds. The resulting echoes are then played back through the earphones. The trick is that the transformation applied to the input depends on the subject's position in virtual space. So the subject can learn to associate the artificial "echoes" with the distribution of sound-reflecting surfaces in the simulated space.

A dormant skill

"After several weeks of training, the participants in the experiment were able to locate the sources of echoes pretty well. This shows that anyone can learn to analyze the echoes of acoustic signals to obtain information about the space around him. Sighted people have this ability too; they simply don't need to use it in everyday situations," says Lutz Wiegrebe. "Instead, the auditory system actively suppresses the perception of echoes, allowing us to focus on the primary acoustic signal, independently of how the space alters the signals on its way to the ears." This makes it easier to distinguish between different sound sources, allowing us to concentrate on what someone is saying to us, for example. The new study shows, however, that it is possible to functionally invert this suppression of echoes, and learn to use the information they contain for echolocation instead.

In the absence of visual information, we and most other mammals find navigation difficult. So it is not surprising that evolution has endowed many mammalian species with the ability to "read" reflected sound waves. Bats and toothed whales, which orient themselves in space primarily by means of acoustic signals, are the best known.

Wiegrebe and his colleagues are now exploring how the coordination of self-motion and echolocation facilitates sonar-guided orientation and navigation in humans.

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'Mini human brains' created: Scientists grow human brain tissue in 3-D culture system

Aug. 29, 2013 — Complex human brain tissue has been successfully developed in a three-dimensional culture system established in an Austrian laboratory. The method described in the current issue of Nature allows pluripotent stem cells to develop into cerebral organoids -- or "mini brains" -- that consist of several discrete brain regions.

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Instead of using so-called patterning growth factors to achieve this, scientists at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW) fine-tuned growth conditions and provided a conducive environment. As a result, intrinsic cues from the stem cells guided the development towards different interdependent brain tissues. Using the "mini brains," the scientists were also able to model the development of a human neuronal disorder and identify its origin -- opening up routes to long hoped-for model systems of the human brain.

The development of the human brain remains one of the greatest mysteries in biology. Derived from a simple tissue, it develops into the most complex natural structure known to man. Studies of the human brain's development and associated human disorders are extremely difficult, as no scientist has thus far successfully established a three-dimensional culture model of the developing brain as a whole. Now, a research group lead by Dr. Jürgen Knoblich at the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA) has just changed that.

Brain Size Matters

Starting with established human embryonic stem cell lines and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the group identified growth conditions that aided the differentiation of the stem cells into several brain tissues. While using media for neuronal induction and differentiation, the group was able to avoid the use of patterning growth factor conditions, which are usually applied in order to generate specific cell identities from stem cells. Dr. Knoblich explains the new method: "We modified an established approach to generate so-called neuroectoderm, a cell layer from which the nervous system derives. Fragments of this tissue were then maintained in a 3D-culture and embedded in droplets of a specific gel that provided a scaffold for complex tissue growth. In order to enhance nutrient absorption, we later transferred the gel droplets to a spinning bioreactor. Within three to four weeks defined brain regions were formed."

After only 15 -- 20 days, so-called "cerebral organoids" formed which consisted of continuous tissue (neuroepithelia) surrounding a fluid-filled cavity that was reminiscent of a cerebral ventricle. After 20 -- 30 days, defined brain regions, including a cerebral cortex, retina, meninges as well as choroid plexus, developed. After two months, the mini brains reached a maximum size, but they could survive indefinitely (currently up to 10 months) in the spinning bioreactor. Further growth, however, was not achieved, most likely due to the lack of a circulation system and hence a lack of nutrients and oxygen at the core of the mini brains.

Microcephaly in Mini Brains

The new method also offers great potential for establishing model systems for human brain disorders. Such models are urgently needed, as the commonly used animal models are of considerably lower complexity, and often do not adequately recapitulate the human disease.

Knoblich's group has now demonstrated that the mini brains offer great potential as a human model system by analysing the onset of microcephaly, a human genetic disorder in which brain size is significantly reduced. By generating iPS cells from skin tissue of a microcephaly patient, the scientists were able to grow mini brains affected by this disorder. As expected, the patient derived organoids grew to a lesser size.

Further analysis led to a surprising finding: while the neuroepithilial tissue was smaller than in mini brains unaffected by the disorder, increased neuronal outgrowth could be observed. This lead to the hypothesis that, during brain development of patients with microcephaly, the neural differentiation happens prematurely at the expense of stem and progenitor cells which would otherwise contribute to a more pronounced growth in brain size. Further experiments also revealed that a change in the direction in which the stem cells divide might be causal for the disorder.

"In addition to the potential for new insights into the development of human brain disorders, mini brains will also be of great interest to the pharmaceutical and chemical industry," explains Dr. Madeline A. Lancaster, team member and first author of the publication. "They allow for the testing of therapies against brain defects and other neuronal disorders. Furthermore, they will enable the analysis of the effects that specific chemicals have on brain development."

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Manufacturing Stainless steel cabinets for tough environments

2013/08/29

For demanding climatic conditions and aggressive industrial environments, Hoffmann is now making stainless steel cases, cabinets and accessories in Poland.

“The products are manufactured at a number of production sites on different continents, to the international ISO 9001:2008 standard,” said the firm. “They have been adapted to meet the requirements and needs of European customers and are now produced at Pentair’s facility in Poland. This gives greater capacity to meet European market demands and to provide the required adaptations.”

Applications are expected primarily in the oil and gas industry, chemicals and petrochemicals, in the food and drinks industry, in water treatment and paper manufacture and in laboratories and medicine. Some are suited to positions where cleaning is carried out with water at high pressure.

There is a stainless steel enclosure brochure

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Research European labs boost energy harvesting research

2013/08/29

Energy harvesting has been given stronger foundations and new tools through a project between European metrology laboratories.

Developments included techniques and models to deliver the maximum power output for piezoelectric and other electro-mechanical energy harvesters, techniques for measuring micro-scale energy coupling for MEMS harvesters, and the first reference materials for measuring induced voltage inside high-temperature (up to 860K) thermometric materials for extreme environments – inside car engines, for example.

“In many industries including construction, transport, automotive and mobile communication energy harvesting is already making significant inroads, offering ways to improve the efficiency of energy usage or to power wireless sensor networks for autonomous, battery-less monitoring,” said the UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL). “However, to realise the full potential of the technology developers require agreement on measurement standards in order to provide certainty to the market on the power they can deliver and, prevent uncertainty in performance claims harming confidence in the technology.”

The other labs involved are: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d’essais, National Metrology Institute of Finland, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Slovenski institut za kakovost in meroslovje and the Czech Metrology Institute.

Tools and models were also developed to measure electrical and thermal properties of nanomaterial harvesters and their coupling down to the nanoscale, and a test-rig is now available to measure the performance of magnetostrictive devices – that exhibit changes in structure as a result of changes in their magnetic environment.

Started in 2009, results of the Metrology for Energy Harvesting Project, are being presented today at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig today, Germany.

“The work we present today will enable industry and consumers to reliably assess different energy harvesting technologies such as thermoelectric and vibrational harvesting devices. These developments will increase market confidence, helping to secure wider industrial investment. More accurate and standardised measurement will allow industry to lower costs and increased energy efficiency to make a stronger business case for applications in new sectors,” said Dr Paul Weaver of NPL.

A new stream of work is planned to take progress so far closer to industry: “developing standards that will facilitate communication as well as bringing in new materials and technologies that are likely to impact on this area in coming years such as nano-structured materials and MEMS technologies,” said NPL.

Metrology for Energy Harvesting Project is part of the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) which is jointly supported by the European Commission and the participating countries within the European Association of National Metrology Institutes (EURAMET).

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General Server sales slump

2013/08/29

Server revenue fell 3.8% Y/Y in Q2 after the 5% drop in Q1, says Gartner.

Demand is weak as enterprise attempts to improve server efficiency (via consolidation and virtualization) and a mix shift towards cheaper, white-label servers preferred by Internet/cloud companies hurt sales.

IDC is more pessimistic, estimating revenue fell 6.2% and units 1.2% (lower ASPs).x86 servers continue gaining share.

Gartner thinks sales rose 2.1% Y/Y and units 4.5%.The opposite holds for Unix servers: sales -25.3% and units 27.4%. “Other” server sales (inc. IBM mainframes) rose 6.9%.

IBM and H-P, whose enterprise hardware units have fallen on hard times, remain the industry’s top vendors, but continue to bleed share.

IBM’s share fell 160 bps Y/Y to 25.6%, and H-P’s 420bps to 25%.Dell’s share rose 210 bps to 17.7%, Cisco’s grew 150 bps to 4.4%.Oracle, which is seeing rising (Intel-based) engineered system sales and plunging Unix/SPARC CPU server sales, is assigned a 5.8% share (-20 bps).

“Other” vendors, including white-label firms, had a 21.5% share (+230 bps).IDC estimates sales of density-optimized servers (beloved by Internet companies) rose 26.6% to $735M, and now make up 6.2% of server revenue

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Business Imagination and TSMC optimise IP

2013/08/29

Imagination and TSMC say they have achieved 25% overall performance improvement for the PowerVR Series6 GPU core, with key blocks demonstrating 30% improvement compared to existing design flows.

Imagination and TSMC are developing optimised IP libraries and fully characterised reference system designs for Imagination’s IP cores on TSMC’s advanced processes including 28HPM and 16nm FinFET technologies.

This collaboration will enable mutual customers to achieve significant performance gains for next-generation applications. Leveraging extensive analysis of factors affecting performance, Imagination is taping out next-generation multi-core, multi-cluster PowerVR Series6 GPU design to characterise these performance improvements and plans to demonstrate a test chip later this year.

The resulting reference flow and optimised libraries will enable SoC designers to significantly accelerate time-to-market and increase performance for similar implementations of PowerVR Series6 GPUs.

Tony King-Smith, Imagination EVP marketing, says: “The growing reliance on graphics processors to power the best user experiences means the GPU has become the new silicon process driver for the coming decade. It occupies as much as 50% or more of leading edge SoCs, and demands the highest performance memory bandwidth.”

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