Linux命令（8）yum命令
目录
- yum命令
- 检查更新
- 更新程序包
- 查找程序包
- 列出程序包
- 列出所有程序包组
- 安装程序包组
- 卸载程序包组
- 查看程序包信息
- 安装程序包
- 重新安装程序包
- 卸载程序包
- 列出yum仓库
- 添加Yum仓库
- 启用Yum仓库
- 禁用Yum仓库
- 添加Yum仓库遇到的问题
- 更新与安全相关的包
yum命令
检查更新
查看系统上已安装的程序包有哪些可用更新
yum check-update~]# yum check-updateLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileGeoIP.x86_64 1.5.0-14.el7 base NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.18.4-3.el7 base NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.18.4-3.el7 base NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.18.4-3.el7 base NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.18.4-3.el7 base acl.x86_64 2.2.51-15.el7 base alsa-lib.x86_64 1.1.8-1.el7 base...- GeoIP - 包的名称
- x86_64 - 构建包的CPU架构
- 1.5.0 - 要安装的更新包的版本
- base - 更新的程序包所在的存储库
更新程序包
我们可以一次更新一个、多个或所有程序包，更新时此程序包所有依赖的程序包也会进行更新。
更新单个程序包
yum update package_name示例：更新bash程序包
~]# yum update bashLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileResolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package bash.x86_64 0:4.2.46-31.el7 will be updated---> Package bash.x86_64 0:4.2.46-34.el7 will be an update--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved========================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size=========================================================================================Updating: bash x86_64 4.2.46-34.el7 base 1.0 MTransaction Summary=========================================================================================Upgrade 1 PackageTotal download size: 1.0 MIs this ok [y/d/N]: Loaded plugins - 显示Yum所有的插件
bash.x86_64 - 表示所要安装的更新包
yum默认情况下以交互方式运行
y 选项，表示同意安装更新
d 选项，yum会立即下载程序包而不安装它们。我们可以使用 yum localinstall 来安装这些程序包，不过此命令已经废弃，可直接使用 yum install 来安装。
下载的程序包默认保存在为 /var/cache/yum/\(basearch/\)releasever/packages/
N 取消安装更新
更新所有程序包及其依赖的程序包
yum update更新与安全相关的包
如果程序包具有可用的安全更新，则只能将这些程序包更新为其最新版本。
yum update --security查找程序包
yum search package_name~]# yum search zshLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile=================== N/S matched: zsh ==========================autojump-zsh.noarch : Autojump for zshzsh-html.x86_64 : Zsh shell manual in html formatzsh.x86_64 : Powerful interactive shellzsh-lovers.noarch : A collection of tips, tricks and examples for the Z shell Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.- 默认情况下，yum search返回匹配的程序包的名称和摘要信息。
列出程序包
列出系统上所有已经安装和可用的程序包
yum list all~]# yum list allLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileInstalled PackagesGeoIP.x86_64 1.5.0-11.el7 @CentOS7-baseNetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.10.2-13.el7 @CentOS7-baseaccountsservice.x86_64 0.6.45-7.el7 CentOS7-base accountsservice-devel.i686 0.6.45-7.el7 CentOS7-base ...... - 如果程序包已经安装，在其对应的yum仓库名称前会有一个 @CentOS7-base 标志，如果没有安装，则没有任何标志CentOS7-base。
列出系统上已经安装的所有程序包，输出内容最右侧表示程序包所在的yum仓库。
yum list installed~]# yum list installedLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileInstalled PackagesGeoIP.x86_64 1.5.0-11.el7 @CentOS7-base NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.10.2-13.el7 @CentOS7-base 列出所有已启用存储库中的所有可用的程序包
yum list available~]# yum list availableLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileAvailable Packages0ad.x86_64 0.0.22-1.el7 fedora-epel-70ad-data.noarch 0.0.22-1.el7 fedora-epel-70install.x86_64 2.11-1.el7 fedora-epel-7列出所有程序包组
yum grouplist[root@node1 ~]# yum groups listLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorThere is no installed groups file.Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfileAvailable Environment Groups: Minimal Install Compute Node Infrastructure Server File and Print Server Basic Web Server Virtualization Host Server with GUI GNOME Desktop KDE Plasma Workspaces Development and Creative WorkstationAvailable Groups: Compatibility Libraries Console Internet Tools Development Tools Graphical Administration Tools Legacy UNIX Compatibility Scientific Support Security Tools Smart Card Support System Administration Tools System ManagementDone列出所有程序包组的组ID
[root@node1 ~]# yum grouplist idsLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorThere is no installed groups file.Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfileAvailable Environment Groups: Minimal Install (minimal) Compute Node (compute-node-environment) Infrastructure Server (infrastructure-server-environment) File and Print Server (file-print-server-environment) Basic Web Server (web-server-environment) Virtualization Host (virtualization-host-environment) Server with GUI (graphical-server-environment) GNOME Desktop (gnome-desktop-environment) KDE Plasma Workspaces (kde-desktop-environment) Development and Creative Workstation (developer-workstation-environment)Available Groups: Compatibility Libraries (compat-libraries) Console Internet Tools (console-internet) Development Tools (development) Graphical Administration Tools (graphical-admin-tools) Legacy UNIX Compatibility (legacy-unix) Scientific Support (scientific) Security Tools (security-tools) Smart Card Support (smart-card) System Administration Tools (system-admin-tools) System Management (system-management)Done列出所有的程序包的组ID及隐藏的ID
[root@node1 ~]# yum grouplist hidden ids安装程序包组
安装程序包组有四种方法
yum group install "group name"yum group install groupidyum install @groupyum install @^group- 以上四种方法是等价的，哪种简单用哪种。
示例：以Development Tools为例，显示四种安装方法
~]# yum group install "Development Tools" ~]# yum group install development ~]# yum install @"Development Tools" ~]# yum install @development- 个人喜欢第四种，因为可以少打字。
卸载程序包组
yum group remove "group name"yum group remove groupidyum remove @groupyum remove @^group示例：以Development Tools为例，显示四种卸载程序包组的方法
~]# yum group remove "Development Tools" ~]# yum group remove development ~]# yum remove @"Development Tools" ~]# yum remove @development查看程序包信息
查看一个或多个程序包的信息
~]#yum info package_name1 [package_name2] [...]示例：查看httpd程序包的信息。
~]# yum info httpdLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfileInstalled PackagesName : httpdArch : x86_64Version : 2.4.6Release : 80.el7.centosSize : 9.4 MRepo : installedFrom repo : CentOS7-baseSummary : Apache HTTP ServerURL : : ASL 2.0Description : The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, : efficient, and extensible web server.安装程序包
安装程序包时 yum命令会自动解决依赖关系，将程序包及其所有未安装的依赖的程序包都安装。
安装单个程序包
~]# yum install package_name安装多个程序包
安装多个程序包时，可以将多个程序包名以空格分隔来安装。
~]# yum install package_name1 [package_name2] [...]默认安装程序包的最新版本，安装旧版本时需要指定版本号。
示例：同时安装多个程序包。
~]# yum install httpd mysql当我们只是知道要安装的二进制文件的名称，而不知道其程序包名称，则可以为 yum install 提供路径名称。
~]# yum install /usr/bin/passwd这时yum会搜索包列表，检索哪个包提供了/usr/bin/passwd，如果有的话就会提供我们安装。
查看指定的文件是由哪个程序包提供
yum provides "filename" 当我们只是知道一个命令，如ls，但不确定其到底安装在/bin目录还是/sbin/目录中，以及ls命令是由哪个程序包安装，我们可以使用 yum provides 命令。
# yum provides "*bin/ls"Loaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilecoreutils-8.22-21.el7.x86_64 : A set of basic GNU toolscommonly used in shell scriptsRepo: CentOS7-baseMatched from:Filename: /bin/lsFilename: /usr/bin/lscoreutils-8.22-21.el7.x86_64 : A set of basic GNU tools commonly used in shell scriptsRepo: @CentOS7-baseMatched from:Filename: /bin/lsFilename: /usr/bin/ls重新安装程序包
~]# yum reinstall httpd卸载程序包
要卸载特定程序包以及依赖于它的任何程序包
yum remove package_name...示例：卸载httpd程序包
~]# yum remove httpd卸载多个程序包
~]# yum remove package_name1 [package_name2] [...]列出yum仓库
列出系统上每个已启用仓库的仓库ID，名称和程序包数量。
~]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilerepo id repo name statusCentOS7-base CentOS7-base 9,911docker-ce-7 docker-ce-7 156fedora-epel-7 fedora-epel-7 12,661yum repolist 只显示状态为enabled的仓库信息。使用 yum repoinfo命令列出仓库的更多信息，不过此命令在CentOS6系统上不可用。
列出已经启用和禁用的仓库
yum repolist all ~]# yum repolist allLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfilerepo id repo name statusC7.0.1406-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Base disabledCentOS7-base CentOS7-base enabled: 9,911fedora-epel-7 fedora-epel-7 enabled: 12,661- 最右侧输出的状态列 status 列出了相关仓库的启用和禁用状态。
添加Yum仓库
一般我们为方便管理都会在 /etc/yum.repos.d/目录中添加文件后缀为.repo的文件，而不是在/etc/yum.conf文件中添加。
互联网上的Yum仓库通常提供自己的.repo文件，我们只需要使用以下命令添加即可。
yum-config-manager --add-repo repository_url- 其中repository_url是.repo文件的链接。
示例：给当前系统添加网易的CentOS源。
~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo id="启用yum仓库">启用Yum仓库yum-config-manager --enable repositoryID
- repositoryID是仓库的唯一ID（使用 yum repolist all 列出可用的存储库ID）
启用所有存储库
~]# yum-config-manager --enable \*
禁用Yum仓库
yum-config-manager --disable repositoryID
- repositoryID是仓库的唯一ID（使用 yum repolist all 列出可用的存储库ID）
禁用所有存储库
~] yum-config-manager --disable \*
添加Yum仓库遇到的问题
[root@node1 ~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo https://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repoLoaded plugins: fastestmirroradding repo from: https://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repograbbing file https://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo to /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repoCould not fetch/save url https://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo to file /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo: [Errno 14] curl#60 - "Peer's Certificate has expired."
出现问题的原因是当前系统的时间与yum源的时间不一致导致。
解决办法：
[root@node1 ~]# yum -y install ntp[root@node1 ~]# ntpdate time.windows.com
更新与安全相关的包
列出所有与安全相关的更新
yum --security check-update
如果程序包具有可用的安全更新，则将这些程序包更新为最新版本
yum --security update
只安装最安全的安全更新，忽略所有可能包含不安全新功能的包
yum --security update-minimal
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